Oligosaccharides are made from different types of sugars linked together in complex ways. Your blood type-A, B, AB, or O-is dictated by genes that determine which kinds of molecules, called oligosaccharides, are found on the surface of your red blood cells. Given that an infected person can excrete many billions of viral particles, it’s very difficult to prevent the virus from spreading. To make things worse, only a tiny dose of the virus- as few as 10 viral particles-is needed to cause disease. Norovirus can persist on human hands for hours and on solid surfaces and food for days and is also resistant to alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Norovirus can survive temperatures from freezing to 145 degrees Fahrenheit (about the maximum water temperature in a home dishwasher), soap and mild solutions of bleach. Viruses with membrane coatings are susceptible to alcohol and detergents, but not so norovirus. The naked capsid coat is one factor that makes norovirus so difficult to control. The norovirus surface is a protein coat, called the “capsid.” The capsid protects the norovirus’ genetic material. It is a type of virus known as “non-enveloped” or “naked,” which means that it never acquires the membrane coating typical of other viruses, such as the flu virus. Multidisciplinary & Affiliated ProgramsĪs debilitating as the illness it causes can be, the norovirus particle is visually beautiful.Genome, Cell, and Developmental Biology Ph.D.Graduate & Professional Program Preparation.The College of Arts & Sciences Department of Biology
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